PGIA congress 2025

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://ir.lib.pdn.ac.lk/handle/20.500.14444/7728

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Cultivating empathy: a love-informed framework for genderInclusive farmer empowerment
(Postgraduate Institute of Agriculture (PGIA), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2025-11-21) Hettige, N.; Dissanayake, M. P.
While agricultural reforms have prioritized technology and productivity, such approaches often neglect the affective and relational dimensions essential for true empowerment. This study proposes a love-informed psychological framework rooted in the LUVORA model; Love, Uniformity, Virtue, Openness, Resilience, and Acceptance, to explore how empathy and emotional intelligence can drive gender equity and social inclusion within farming communities. Using a narrative synthesis of twenty-one peer-reviewed studies drawn from an initial pool of seventy three records published between 2008 and 2024 across Scopus, AGRIS, and Web of Science, the paper integrates interdisciplinary insights from Positive Psychology, gender studies, and rural development. The synthesis reveals that emotional safety, self-worth, and communal empathy are decisive catalysts for women’s agency in decision-making, leadership, and access to resources. The LUVORA framework operationalizes love not as sentimentality but as a transformative psychological force capable of nurturing shared dignity, collective resilience, and inclusive engagement. The study concludes that integrating empathy workshops, peer storytelling circles, and compassionate leadership training into agricultural extension systems could reframe farmer empowerment as a holistic pursuit of emotional justice and human flourishing rather than a purely economic or functional agenda.
Transforming social inclusion through emotional intelligence and human flourishing: the LUVORA paradigm in agriculture
(Postgraduate Institute of Agriculture (PGIA), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2025-11-21) Hettige, N.; Dissanayake, M. P.
Amid increasing calls for equity in agri-food systems, the empowerment of marginalized farmers, especially women and socially excluded groups, requires not only economic interventions but also emotional and psychological transformation. This study introduces the LUVORA framework, a love-based, values-driven model grounded in Positive Psychology, as a novel approach to fostering farmer empowerment and social inclusion. LUVORA, representing Love, Uniformity, Virtue, Openness, Resilience, and Acceptance, was conceptually applied to rural farming communities in Sri Lanka and India to explore how emotional safety, empathy, and connection can catalyse sustainable change. Using a narrative review methodology, the study synthesizes over 32 peer-reviewed articles published between 2005 and 2024 from Scopus, Web of Science, and AGRIS, focusing on affective inclusion, emotional resilience in agriculture, and gender responsive interventions. Studies lacking a human-centred approach or focusing solely on technological solutions were excluded. Key findings reveal that cultivating emotional intelligence, compassion-based leadership, and relational trust significantly improve women’s participation, farmer well-being, and social cooperation in agri-food systems. By aligning human flourishing with sustainable agricultural practices, the LUVORA model promotes a more emotionally inclusive culture of empowerment. This research advocates integrating psychosocial training modules based on LUVORA into agricultural extension programs, rural women's collectives, and Agri-leadership training initiatives. In doing so, it reimagines farmer empowerment not merely as a matter of productivity, but as a profound act of love, healing, and collective upliftment.
Evaluation of fruit development dynamics in king coconut (Cocos nucifera L. var. aurantiaca)
(Postgraduate Institute of Agriculture (PGIA), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2025-11-21) Thilakarathne, M. G. O. S.; Perera, S. A. C. N.; Dissanayake, H. D. M. A. C.
Understanding the process of fruit development is essential for successful management of crops, for determining the optimum harvesting time and criteria, and effective seed collection. Despite the economic importance of King-coconuts (KC), detailed information on fruit development remains scarce. This study was conducted to evaluate physicochemical changes during the development of KC fruits. Seven KC trees from Lunuwila, Sri Lanka were selected. From these trees, bunches aged 1–12 months from fertilization were harvested and pooled by stage. Then, 710 fruits per stage were randomly selected. Morphometric data on mesocarp, liquid and solid endosperm were recorded for each stage. Furthermore, the electrical conductivity (EC), pH, and total sugar content (TSC) of the liquid endosperm were measured. The differences between the growth stages were assessed by GLM and ANOVA. The results revealed that the fruits achieve their full size at seven months after fertilization (MAF). The thickness of the polar end of the mesocarp exhibited dynamic changes, whereas that of distal and equatorial ends of the mesocarp remained constant. Solid endosperm formation started from 5-6 MAF and continued up to 8 MAF. The highest water volume and TSC were recorded at 6-7 MAF, suggesting this period is optimal for beverage purposes. Temporal changes in the EC and pH of the liquid endosperm provided insight into its biochemical development. These findings are important in King coconut crop management and will provide novel insights into the coconut fruit development biology.
An integrated performance index for irrigation schemes in Sri Lanka: an interdisciplinary and sustainable approach
(Postgraduate Institute of Agriculture (PGIA), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2025-11-21) Sarathchandra, P. S. M.; De Silva, R. P.; Dayawansa, N .D. K.
Irrigated agriculture is vital for Sri Lanka's food security but faces growing sustainability pressures from population growth and limited water and land resources. Therefore, assessing and improving the performance of existing irrigation schemes is a crucial, cost-effective strategy. However, most performance assessments use mono- or multidisciplinary approaches that fail to capture the complex and interconnected nature of these systems. To address this gap, a generic, interdisciplinary composite index was developed, prioritizing simplicity, traceability, and interpretability. The index conceptualizes a scheme as two subsystems: the ‘Water Delivery System’ (includes all activities and components from water sourcing to field delivery) and the ‘Agricultural Production System’ (includes all activities and components from field application, to crop output and benefit distribution). The index incorporates 26 input, process, and output indicators covering technical, managerial, economic, environmental, and social dimensions. All indicator values are normalized on a 0–100 scale to ensure comparability. The relative importance of indicators in each subsystem is identified using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) through expert judgment. To obtain the final score for the index, both weighted additive aggregation and weighted geometric methods are used. Based on this score, schemes are classified into one of four performance levels: Poor (<50), Average (50-70), Good (70-90), or Excellent (>90). To demonstrate its utility, the index was applied to a simulated dataset, yielding an overall score of 79 ('Good'). The developed index is a valuable tool for identifying strengths and weaknesses of schemes, comparing schemes across different contexts, and guiding decision making for future improvements.
Knowledge and perceptions of food misconceptions and facts: a study among a group of Sri-Lankan adults in the Puttalam District
(Postgraduate Institute of Agriculture (PGIA), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2025-11-21) Marliya, S. M. T.; Chandrasekara, A.
Food choices significantly impact on the health and well-being of people. Despite the increasing availability of nutrition related information, food myths remain widespread among adults, potentially influencing dietary behaviors, nutritional status, and the risk of chronic diseases. This cross-sectional survey aimed to investigate the knowledge and perceptions (KP) of a sample of adult Sri-Lankans in Puttalam District regarding a series of food myths and facts. Sixty-five adult participants were recruited (32 males and 33 females, aged 25-50yrs, Sinhalese, Tamils and Muslims) using an interviewer administered questionnaire. Each participant was directed to respond to 30 KP-testing statements in 5-point Likert scale ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree (+2, +1, 0, -1, -2 scores for very correct, correct, no idea, incorrect and very incorrect responses respectively). The results showed that 69% of participants scored poor KP (scoring- 0 to negative values) and 31% of them scored high KP (scoring positive values). More than 90% of participants believed drinking a glass of water with lemon and honey helps in weight loss, drinking hot water after having a meal will remove fat from the body, spinach is rich in iron compared to other green leaves and eating more carrots will improve the eyesight. Only 6 out of 30 thirty statements were correctly scored by the majority. It was concluded that the study sample had poor nutritional KP, that needs to be debunked, to promote good nutrition among adults.
Seasonal flooding and Its impact on growth and latex yield of rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) in Kalutara District, Wet Zone of Sri Lanka
(Postgraduate Institute of Agriculture (PGIA), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2025-11-21) Jayangani, P. H. D. N.; Nakandala, S. A.; Weerasinghe, V. P. A.; Udayakumari, U. N.; Silva, T. U. K.; Ratnayake, A. M. R. W. S. D.; Subasinghe, H.; Karunatilaka, P. K. W.
Rubber plantations extend over large areas in the Wet Zone, where unprecedented annual rainfall often causes seasonal flooding. The rubber plantations in low-lying areas and at riparian sites are therefore more prone to damage and growth retard due to frequent floods. This study investigated the impact of seasonal flooding on immature and mature plantations in Kalutara District in 2024 - 2025. Field experiments were conducted in a 2-year-old immature and a 13year-old monoclonal mature fields, alongside a survey in smallholder fields in an affected area. In the immature fields, growth parameters including stem girth, leaf count, stomatal conductance and chlorophyll content were periodically recorded. In mature fields, latex yield, bark thickness, bark consumption, and tapping panel dryness were assessed under fully, partially, and non flooded field conditions. Random sampling and a RCBD design were applied for immature and mature field experiments, respectively. ANOVA and chi-square/t-tests used for SAS analysis. Flood-affected immature plants showed significant (p<0.05) reductions in girth, leaf number, and chlorophyll, with growth decreasing by 25%. In mature trees, latex yield, bark thickness, and bark consumption were significantly reduced under fully and partially flooded conditions compared to non-flooded controls. Survey results further indicated interactions of flood severity and duration with plantation proximity to water bodies. Overall results demonstrate that seasonal flooding imposes severe constraints on both growth and latex yield of rubber, highlighting the need for adaptive land-use planning, careful site selection, and effective flood-mitigation strategies for sustainable cultivation.
An assessment of career prospects of graduates from the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
(Postgraduate Institute of Agriculture (PGIA), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2025-11-21) De Alwis, D. T.; Kumar, S.
The study aimed to track year-over-year changes (2022-2023) in graduate employment and education, and understand the overall career profile of graduates of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya. Data were collected via separate questionnaire surveys targeting two groups: 40 respondents to the previous tracer study, and 510 graduates from the two most recent batches. This allowed for a comparison with the previous year's tracer study, enabling the analysis of changes during the year. Descriptive statistics and mean comparisons were conducted for the analysis. The results revealed a noteworthy change in income fluctuations, with 59% reporting an increase and 15.4% a decrease. Employment changes were reported by 28.2%, predominantly to permanent positions, with graduates securing jobs in both public (46.9%) and private (40.6%) sectors. Additionally, 36.8% of respondents reported changes in educational qualifications. Overall job satisfaction was positive, though with some dissatisfaction with compensation and opportunities. Specifically, 83.7% of the recent graduates secured their first employment within an average of 20 weeks. A significant (P<0.05) gender difference was found, with female graduates taking longer to secure the first job and male graduates securing higher salaries. Academic performance showed a positive impact on salary. Recommendations for improvement include enhancing research and industry exposure. The study also suggests conducting regular tracer studies to investigate areas such as first employment and employer perspectives on graduates.
Use of marketed ayurvedic/herbal products in the management of prediabetes, diabetes, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia among Sri Lankan communities: an online survey
(Postgraduate Institute of Agriculture (PGIA), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2025-11-21) Liyanage, J. I.; Somaratne, G. M.; Jayawardena, R.; Chathuranga, P. H. T.; Wijewardhane, H. M. L. H. R.
Diabetes, prediabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidaemia are among major public health concerns in Sri Lanka. Complementary and alternative therapies, particularly herbals are commonly used for these non-communicable diseases (NCDs). This study aimed to examine the types, frequency, and patterns of Ayurvedic/ herbal remedy usage in managing NDCs among Sri Lankans, while assessing sociodemographic influences. It was anticipated that cultural familiarity and perceived safety would drive a high reliance on home-based remedies compared to the marketed products. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using an online questionnaire distributed via social media. A total of 747 Sri Lankans aged above 18 were recruited, representing a nationwide coverage. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and thematic analysis. Among the respondents 71.2% reported at least one immediate family member with an NCD, with the highest prevalence observed among individuals above 60 years (61.42% diabetes, 57.54% hypertension, 52.37% hyperlipidaemia, 6.47% prediabetes). Prevalence was high in urban populations (51.72% diabetes, 44.54% hypertension). Approximately 60% of respondents relied exclusively on home-based remedies, while 20% used only marketed Ayurvedic products. Frequently used remedies included Costus spp., curry leaves, garlic, Osbeckia octandra and Coccinia grandis. Usage of remedial measures was influenced by affordability, cultural familiarity, and lower toxicity. Barriers included limited awareness, preparation challenges and difficulties in finding rare herbs. Many consumed these products as teas/ powders, often alongside conventional treatments. These findings highlight a cultural preference for home-based remedies and relatively low uptake of marketed products, underscoring the need for awareness campaigns, improved standardization, and integration of safe herbal practices within healthcare systems.
Development and validation of a postgreSQL-based framework for field-level data collection to assess multidimensional postmenopausal obesity and associated health complications
(Postgraduate Institute of Agriculture (PGIA), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2025-11-21) Weerasekara, N. K.; Mendis, B. E. P.; Rajapakshe, N. P.; Chandrasekara, A.; Fernando, W. I. T.; Kandauda, K. I. C.
Postmenopausal obesity is a complex health issue influenced by anthropometric, nutritional, biochemical, and psychological factors. Healthcare professionals face challenges due to heterogeneous data collection and reporting standards. To address this, the present study developed and piloted a digital data management system using PostgreSQL enabling support multidimensional analysis of postmenopausal obesity. The system includes a relational database for patient demographics and health metrics to store across five domains. Data entry forms designed for effective field data collection, with real-time access, secure storage, and role-based access controls to maintain data integrity and confidentiality. Data stored in PostgreSQL was analyzed using R built in R-Studio. R facilitates statistical computations among variables. A mobile application, developed using Flutter integrated with PostgreSQL database was used to present selected research findings and to collect novel data in both clinical and community settings. Preliminary testing was conducted using secondary datasets on nutrition, physical activity, and obesity sourced from Kaggle. The Center for Disease Control (CDC) was used to validate the usability, scalability, and reliability of the system through validation techniques reinforced by Structured Query Language domain, entity and referential integrity constraints, ensuring data accuracy and validity. The framework integrates modules for anthropometry, dietary intake, biomarker profiling, and psychological assessments, forming the basis for a predictive model based mobile decision support system that facilitates early intervention and management of postmenopausal obesity. Key features include legacy systems compatibility, external repository connectivity, and efficient data management. Future development will focus on predictive model integrated mobile application 'PostMeno360' for effective digital transformation in Sri Lanka’s healthcare system.
Assessment of antioxidant profile and vitamin C content in commercially cultivated berries in Sri Lanka and their processed jams
(Postgraduate Institute of Agriculture (PGIA), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2025-11-21) Kumara, K. A. G. D. G. P.; Dissanayake, P. S.; Wijesekara, W. L. I.; Madhujith, W. M. T.
Berries are recognized for their high antioxidant capacity and vitamin C content, which contribute significantly to human health. In Sri Lanka, the commercial cultivation of blackberry (Rubus fruticosus), blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum), raspberry (Rubus idaeus), and strawberry (Fragaria ananassa) is expanding; however, limited information exists on their nutritional properties and the effect of processing. This study assessed the antioxidant activity, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and vitamin C content of fresh berries and their jams processing. Freeze-dried berry and jam extracts were analyzed using DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS assays, while vitamin C was quantified by redox titration. Data were expressed as mean ±SD (n=3) and analyzed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s HSD (p<0.05). Results demonstrated that processing significantly reduced the antioxidant and vitamin C content of all berries, though the magnitude varied by fruit type. Fresh raspberries showed the highest DPPH (584.10±14.35 µmol TE/100g). Interestingly, FRAP activity increased in blackberry jam (169±3 µmol TE/100g) compared to fresh blackberries (129±6 µmol TE/100g), suggesting the formation of heat-stable antioxidant compounds during processing. Similarly, raspberry jam (936±42 µmol TE/100g) displayed elevated ABTS activity despite a marked decline in vitamin C, indicating contributions from non-ascorbic antioxidants. Among compositional parameters, TPC was highest in fresh blueberries (734±13 mg GAE/100g), TFC in fresh blackberries (209.12±6.03 mg QE/100g), and vitamin C in fresh strawberries (67.36±1.51 mg/100g). Jams generally contained lower levels of all measured parameters. These findings highlight that processing markedly alters the antioxidant and nutritional profiles of berries and the importance of optimizing processing conditions to preserve bioactive compounds in berry-based products.
The effect of customer service quality on the satisfaction and loyalty of mobile broadband customers
(Postgraduate Institute of Agriculture (PGIA), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2025-11-21) Bandara, T. M. W. G. V. Y.; Jayawardana, L. A. N. C.
The corporate marketing environment has gotten competitive and dynamic. Marketers face the challenge of capturing a larger market share. Securing and retaining loyal customers is critical in achieving a competitive advantage for organizations. This study has examined how the customer service quality affects customer satisfaction and loyalty in the telecommunication sector. Study has also examined the effect of the corporate image on customer retention of organizations. It has further examined the mediation effect of customer satisfaction to the relationship between service quality and customer loyalty. Study has employed a deductive research approach, applying quantitative methods. Colombo district, having the highest mobile broadband subscribers in the country, was selected for the study. A sample of 420 smartphone users in ten divisional secretariat divisions in Colombo district was surveyed using a questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential analyses were employed. Study indicated a significant impact of age and education level on customer satisfaction. Service quality dimensions of tangibility, reliability, assurance, and empathy had a significant effect on customer satisfaction. Age of the customer, service experience, service quality dimensions of assurance, and empathy indicated a significant effect on customer loyalty. Findings also indicated a positive effect of the corporate image on customer loyalty. Customer satisfaction has a mediatory effect on the relationship between the service quality and loyalty of mobile broadband customers.
Prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among tea plantation workers: a systematic review and meta-analysis
(Postgraduate Institute of Agriculture (PGIA), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2025-11-21) Abeysooriya, A.; Jayathilaka, M. W. A. P.
Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) represent a considerable health concern for tea plantation workers, and attribute to physically demanding tasks involving bending, lifting, and repetitive motions in work undertaken by women as pluckers. The work conditions adversely affect worker health, resulting in absenteeism and lower productivity. Addressing MSDs is essential for enhancing worker health, wellbeing and ensuring the sustainability of tea industry. This study evaluated the prevalence of MSDs among tea plantation workers, identified the most affected body regions, and assessed the influence of factors such as gender and land type on the prevalence of MSDs. A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The methodology comprised of a structured database search, screening, eligibility assessment, and quantitative synthesis of data from 23 observational studies across eight countries. Prevalence rates were pooled through a random effects model, which was chosen over a fixed-effects model, because studies considered varied in geography, population characteristics, and methods, requiring an approach that accounts for between-study heterogeneity. Variability was evaluated using Cochran’s Q test and I² statistics. Meta-regression found the factors that affect rates of musculoskeletal disorders, and the subgroup analyses detected the affected body regions and worker characteristics. The prevalence of MSDs among tea plantation workers was 76.5% (95% CI: 66.34%–85.36%) exhibiting considerable variability (I² = 97.6%, p < 0.0001). The lower back was the most 76.02%) affected region followed by the neck (45.04%) and the shoulders (40.60%) regions. The prevalence among female workers was 83.82%, exceeding that of male workers. Geographical differences were apparent, with Bangladesh (84.3%) and Iran (83.5%) exhibiting the high rates. The results highlight the necessity for ergonomic interventions and mechanised harvesting to alleviate physical strain on workers. These findings emphasise the importance of gender-sensitive ergonomic interventions to address the high prevalence of MSDs among tea plantation workers.
Effectiveness of a social media–based nutrition education program in promoting awareness of low glycemic index foods among urban working women in Sri Lanka
(Postgraduate Institute of Agriculture (PGIA), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2025-11-21) Jayasinghe, J. P. C. V. T.; Somaratne, G. M.; Walallawita, U.; Gunasekara, D.
Department of Research and Development, CIC Dairies, Dambulla, Sri Lanka Low glycemic index (GI) carbohydrate-based foods help regulate blood glucose level and reduce the risk of noncommunicable diseases, particularly diabetes. However, urban educated working women in Sri Lanka lack awareness and consistent use of these foods. This study assessed their knowledge, attitudes, and dietary practices regarding low GI carbohydrate-based foods, and evaluated the effectiveness of a social media-based nutrition education program. In the first phase, a descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted among 758 educated working women across major urban areas using stratified sampling. Validated questionnaires were shared through WhatsApp, email, and Facebook. The findings showed low knowledge (mean:5.33/10) and poor dietary practices (mean:25.99/48), but attitudes were generally positive (mean:66.26/80). Statistical analysis revealed a moderate positive relationship between knowledge and attitudes, and a weaker but significant relationship between knowledge and practices. Higher knowledge was associated with younger women and those with postgraduate qualifications. Similarly, better attitudes and practices were linked to higher education and income levels. In the second phase, a three-month educational program was launched through YouTube and Facebook, featuring videos, infographics, and interactive posts. Post-intervention evaluation among 50 participants showed significant improvements in knowledge (mean:9.94), attitudes (mean:78.74), and practices (mean:46.46). Participants rated the content as clear, relevant and high in quality. These findings suggest that well- structured social media-based education is an effective and scalable approach to promote healthy eating habits and lower the risk of diet-related chronic diseases in urban populations.
Contribution of daily diet for non-communicable disease risk factors: a pilot study conducted in Minuwangoda Divisional Secretariat Division, Sri Lanka
(Postgraduate Institute of Agriculture (PGIA), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2025-11-21) Karunarathna, J. M. C. U.; De Silva, P. G. S. M.; Silva, A. B. G.; Madhujith, W.M.T.
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and hypertension are growing public health concerns in Sri Lanka, closely linked to dietary habits. The Ministry of Health Sri Lanka implemented a traffic light colour coding system to reduce NCDs risk factors such as salt, fat, and sugar. This pilot study aimed at examining the daily consumption of salt, sugar, and oil against recommended intakes in Minuwangoda Divisional Secretariat. A cross-sectional survey from March to October 2023 involved 54 randomly selected families, using interviewer-administered questionnaires and 24-hour dietary recalls. Results showed that 94.4% of households used coconut oil for cooking, reflecting traditional dietary patterns. Despite its cultural significance, the highly saturated fatty acid content of coconut oil raises cardiovascular risk concerns. World Health Organization (WHO) recommends fat intake not exceeds 30% of total energy, while actual fat intake averaged 44.17 g (19.63% of total energy), below this limit. Average salt intake was 6.5 5 g per day, exceeding the WHO’s 5 g recommendation (p < 0.05), suggesting that excess salt contributes to hypertension and related NCDs. Conversely, free sugar intake averaged 17 g daily, below Sri Lanka’s Ministry of Health limit of 25 g (6 teaspoons), indicating free sugar is less likely to be a major NCD risk factor in this population. However, Sri Lankans typically having a carbohydrate rich diet, sugar derived from that main diet was not included. These findings highlight that traditional diets combined with excessive salt intake still as a public health challenge and underscore the need for culturally sensitive nutrition education and policies focused on reducing salt and promoting healthier fats to reduce NCD risk. Further research on the national level is needed to validate these findings and guide broader NCD prevention efforts.
Lactation curve modelling for dairy cattle genotypes in different agroclimatic zones and management systems in Sri Lanka
(Postgraduate Institute of Agriculture (PGIA), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2025-11-21) Ramanayake, U. D.; Dematawewa, C. M. B.; Silva, G. L. L. P.
Lactation curve modelling allows for the estimation of individual cow's lactation yield over time, supporting improvements in herd management, genetic selection, and overall productivity and profitability. In local context, evaluating and comparing different lactation models is essential to identify the most appropriate one under varying genetic, environmental, and management conditions in Sri Lanka, as these factors significantly influence lactation performance. This study compared six non-linear lactation models namely Wood, Brody, Gaines, Dijkstra, Wilmink, and Rook, to select the best fit model for dairy cows. Data included 39,198 test-day milk records from 2,976 cows across five parity levels and six genotypes (Friesian, Jersey, Sahiwal, and their crosses), reared under intensive and semi-intensive systems across four agro-climatic zones of up-country wet zone, up country intermediate zone, low country intermediate zone and low country dry zone. In total, 24 genotype-management-environment combinations were analysed. Model parameters were estimated using non-linear regression (PROC NLIN in SAS software) for each group. The goodness of fit was assessed using coefficient-of-determination ), mean-square-error (MSE), Akaike’s-information-criterion (AIC), and Bayesian-information criterion values (BIC). Wilmink and Rook had nearly linear curves, leading to unrealistic predictions and poor fit for all scenarios. Late-lactation yield was also underestimated consistently by Gaines, and unsuitable for long-term milk yield forecasting. Brody model demonstrated a moderate suitability for purebreds, while the Wood was performed well in early lactation but significantly overestimated peak yield, therefore, unsuitable for practical application. Due to the best fit provided, Dijkstra model can be recommended for all scenarios with further cross validations on other scenarios.
Determinants of adaptive capacity in climate-stressed dairy systems: a Bayesian Model Averaging case study from Mullaitivu District, Sri Lanka
(Postgraduate Institute of Agriculture (PGIA), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2025-11-21) Umashankar, K.; Otchia, C. S.
Understanding the determinants of adaptive capacity is vital for enhancing the sustainability of dairy farming systems in climate-stressed tropical drylands. This study investigates the factors influencing the adaptive capacity of dairy cattle farmers in the Mullaitivu District, a heat-stressed and climate-vulnerable region in northern Sri Lanka. Primary data were collected from 391 cattlefarming households across six Veterinary Service ranges. A weighted Adaptive Capacity Index (ACI) was constructed using 14 parameters grouped into seven components—sociodemographics, education, economy, animal husbandry, awareness, food security, and sanitation. Factor analysis (|loading| ≥ 0.30) provided data-driven weights, and Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) was applied across 64 possible model combinations to address model uncertainty and identify the most credible predictors. Six explanatory variables—farmer age, number of improved cattle, crop diversification, nature of farming, distance to grazing land, and freshwater salinity — were analysed. Crop diversification (PIP = 1.00) and farmer age (PIP = 0.9875) emerged as the strongest positive determinants, underscoring the importance of livelihood diversity and experience in coping with climatic stress. Access to grazing land (PIP = 0.6670) and improved cattle (PIP = 0.4260) also showed positive effects. In contrast, freshwater salinity (PIP = 0.6469) had a consistently negative impact and exhibited strong negative jointness with crop diversification (–6.99), suggesting that diversified systems can buffer the effects of salinity. The nature of farming (PIP = 0.5441) showed a modest negative association. Results, confirmed through robust OLS estimation, emphasize integrating water-quality management and diversified farming strategies into climate adaptation policies for livestock-dependent dry land communities.
Effect of dietary supplementation of yeast fractions (Safmannan®) on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in broiler chickens fed adulterated rice bran
(Postgraduate Institute of Agriculture (PGIA), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2025-11-21) Samarakoon, S. M. R.; Vidanapathirana, V. S. A.; Jayawardana, B. C.; Karunaratne, N. D.; Munasinghe, V.; Weththasinghe, P.
This study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation of yeast fractions (Safmannan®) on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in broiler chickens fed rice bran adulterated with paddy husk. A total of 96 one-day-old Cobb 500 broiler chicks were randomly allocated to four treatment groups (n = 4 replicates, 6 birds per replicate) and fed one of four isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets: T1 – corn-soybean-based control diet, T2 – control diet + 0.05% Safmannan®, T3 – control diet + paddy husk adulterated rice bran, and T4 – control diet + paddy husk adulterated rice bran + 0.05% Safmannan®. Growth performance was assessed weekly, and ileal nutrient digestibility was evaluated on day 33. At the end of the 35-day feeding period, carcass yield, breast muscle yield, and weights and lengths of digestive organs were measured. Dietary supplementation with 0.05% Safmannan® (T2) increased (P < 0.05) the final body weight (1691 g per bird), weight gain (1651 g per bird), and improved the feed conversion ratio (1.36 g/g). Inclusion of paddy husk adulterated rice bran (T3) reduced (P < 0.05) the growth performance, while the combination of Safmannan® with paddy husk (T4) showed partial recovery. Safmannan® supplementation also improved (P < 0.05) the carcass yield (72%), breast muscle percentage (32%), and digestive organ development when fed paddy husk adulterated diets. Apparent ileal dry matter digestibility was higher (P < 0.0001) in T2 (82%), with the lowest values observed in T3 (75%). Safmannan® supplementation enhanced growth performance and nutrient digestibility, while mitigating the adverse effects of adulterated rice bran in broiler diets.
Factors contributing to the adoption of recommended dairy management practices among small-scale dairy farmers in Sri Lanka
(Postgraduate Institute of Agriculture (PGIA), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2025-11-21) Gunarathna, S.; Shah, J. A.; Buda, M.; Kaka, U.; Dissanayeke, U.
Sri Lanka continues to face a shortfall in dairy production, despite its high livestock production potential. Understanding the production environment of dairy farmers, is essential for enhancing productivity . Therefore, this study was designed to identify factors contributing to the adoption of recommended management practices. The study employed a cross-sectional research design and a quantitative research method. The study was conducted in the Central Province and utilized a questionnaire as the research instrument. A total of 393 small-scale dairy farmers were selected using a multistage sampling method. Adoption of Recommended Management Practices was assessed, based on breeding and reproductive management, feed and fodder management, and clean milk production. The conceptual model was developed by integrating the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology, the Theory of Planned Behavior, and the data, information, knowledge, and wisdom framework. Data were collected on demographics of dairy farmers, knowledge, attitude, performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influences, facilitation conditions, voluntariness, intention to adopt, and adoption of recommended management practices. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling was employed to analyze the structural relationships between multiple variables. Results revealed that knowledge, effort expectancy, social influence, facilitating conditions, voluntariness, and adoption intention significantly contribute to the adoption of recommended dairy management practices. These findings highlight the need of government interventions to enhance facilitating conditions and leverage social influence for improving national dairy productivity.
Paddy husk adulterated rice bran in broiler diets: impact on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and gut health
(Postgraduate Institute of Agriculture (PGIA), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2025-11-21) Samarakoon, S. M. R.; Konthasinghe, K. H. M. N. B.; Weththasinghe, P.; Karunaratne, N. D.; Jayawardan, B. C.
This study evaluated the impact of dietary inclusion of paddy husk-adulterated rice bran on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and the occurrence of intestinal lesions in broiler chicken. Five isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diets were formulated: a corn-soy-based control diet containing unadulterated rice bran and four diets containing rice bran adulterated with paddy husk at 3% (3PH), 5% (5PH), 8% (8PH) and 10% (10PH). One hundred and twenty Cobb 500, one-day old chicks were randomly fed with one of the five experimental diets (n=4 and 6 birds per replicate). The birds were provided with ad libitum water and feed for 35 days. Growth performance, relative organ weights and lengths, ileal dry matter digestibility and occurrence of small intestine lesions of the birds were assessed. Body weight gain (1483-1710 g per bird), feed intake (3137-3210 g per bird), and feed conversion ratio (1.86-2.19 g/g), showed no significant differences among dietary groups (P>0.05). Apparent ileal dry matter digestibility was also not significantly affected by the diets (P>0.05). Carcass yield and breast muscle yield remained unaffected, though gizzard and caecum weights were higher (P<0.05) in birds fed 8PH compared to those fed control diet, suggesting enhanced digestive function. Notably, birds fed 3PH reduced duodenal lesion odds (OR = 0.020, P<0.05), indicating a protective effect on gut integrity, while higher levels (5PH, 8PH and 10PH) showed no impact on intestinal lesions (P>0.05). In conclusion, rice bran adulterated with up to 10% paddy husk can be included in broiler diets without impairing growth performance or nutrient digestibility.
Distinguishing two morphologically similar Rhinacanthus species using Chloroplast barcoding regions
(Postgraduate Institute of Agriculture (PGIA), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2025-11-21) Siyama, M.; Somaratne, Y.
Rhinacanthus flavovirens (Maha Anitta) belonging to the family Acanthaceae, is an endemic species to Sri Lanka. R. flavovirens is distributed in North central, Central, Southern and Western provinces in the country. R. flavovirens and R. nasutus possess a high level of morphological similarity, creating confusions in differentiating between the two species. DNA barcoding is a widely used molecular method for herbal plant identification and authentication, especially when morphological features are not sufficient. Chloroplast barcoding regions matK, rbcL and trnHpsbA have been used for this study. DNA was extracted and quantified using a Nanodrop spectrophotometer before amplification. The amplified fragment lengths for R. nasutus were 762 bp (matK), 369 bp (rbcL), and 333 bp (trnH-psbA), while those for R. flavovirens were 769 bp (matK), 370 bp (rbcL), and 364 bp (trnH-psbA). The Sanger sequencing showed that, among these three markers trnH-psbA showed the highest nucleotide variation (68.46%) whereas matK showed the lowest (1.3%). Pairwise genetic distance analysis showed that R. nasutus and R. flavovirens have closer genetic relatedness for matK region (0.0133) and higher divergence in trnH-psbA region (1.83). The MEME suite program identified a higher frequency of insertion/deletion events in trnH-psbA compared to matK and rbcL. The result of this study showed that DNA barcoding, particularly using variable region trnH-psbA, can effectively distinguish R. flavovirens from R. nasutus. Future studies incorporating whole chloroplast genome sequencing may provide enhanced resolution for species identification, authentication and phylogenetic analysis.

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